ABSTRACT
Here I am going to
talk about the things that I have learned during this week. Mainly in this week
I have learned about "testimony". Under this I have studied what is
testimony, definition, issues of testimony, acquisition through testimony,
conditions for justified belief in what one is told, knowledge of what one is
told and global normative issues. In this reflection article I hope to discuss
my ideas about this week's course material.
Keywords: Elizabeth Fricker, Beliefs, Evidence,
Psychology, Consciously
1. INTRODUCTION
As I read in this
week's course material according to the Elizabeth Fricker testimony is the
process by that knowledge or belief is gained from understanding and believing
the spoken or written reports. In this article I hope to discuss my opinion
about testimony under several topics. Those are What is testimony, philosophy
& testimony, types of issues. There are 4 major issues under this, and I
expect to discuss them also. By the end of my article, you will gain a good idea
about testimony.
2. TESTIMONY
This is a process
which is commonly used by modern society. Rather than past human accepts things
without evidence, it is a good tendency.
2.1 WHAT
IS TESTIMONY?
According to the Elizabeth Fricker it is "the Elizabeth Fricker
testimony is the process by which knowledge or belief is gained from
understanding and believing the spoken or written reports.
As I feel testimony means do not encourage us to accept things without having
any evidence. That means there should be enough evidence to believe in
something. It can be anything, news, gossip, knowledge, beliefs.
3.
PHILOSOPHY & TESTIMONY
As Elizabeth Fricker said, in analytic philosophy this process of
testimony is widely used. Throughout any language we exchange thousands of knowledges,
information within a single day. Without knowing or with knowing we have been
used testimony since our past. Therefore, still we have history, geography even
science and technology as the results of the past beliefs.
In philosophy, to build strong arguments we can use
testimony. That means if we have evidence to prove something, we have a great
chance to build up a good argument and most of the time we will be able to win
over our argument.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philosophy_of_testimony
4.
TYPES OF ISSUES
As Elizabeth Fricker
said, the primary concern of philosophy regarding testimony is to describe the
status as potentially justified and knowledgeable of beliefs dependent on
testimony. This is known as epistemology.
According to the descriptive psychology human belief
accepting through testimony is like, what extend of based on testimony our
belief system exhibits. As these statements shows we can divide a central issue
about testimony into two dimensions, and under those four distinct issues to
examine. Those are,
1) Descriptive local question
2) Normative local question
3) Descriptive global question
4) Normative global question
We'll discuss one by one briefly.
In generally this refers to the
process of testimony. This means that how normally people hear things and make
them to believe. Do they do it without knowledge or not? Consciously response
to testimony and evaluate the information that they have gotten?
4.2
NORMATIVE LOCAL QUESTION
Usually this refers to fresh instance of testimony. How does a mature person
going to believe that something he/ she heard or seen?
This is the place that testimony dependent on epistemic. This means that what
is the relationship between testimony and our other sources of empirical
beliefs. Like perception and memory.
4.3
NORMATIVE GLOBAL QUESTION
This means that how does justify the epistemic dependent on testimony?
A philosopher needs this process to cross the bridge which has built among
beliefs and testimony.
As I discussed in this article testimony is a part of our daily life not only
for today but also since past human. It says that it is better to start believing
something with having enough evidence. Philosophy and testimony have an
indivisible bond, and both depend on each other. According to the psychology,
mainly there are four types of issues and I have discussed about them so far. I
am pretty sure that you may have a good idea about testimony now.
REFERENCES
1)
Fricker,
E., 2004. Testimony: Knowing through being told. In Handbook of epistemology
(pp. 109-130). Springer, Dordrecht.
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